The sinoatrial node (SAN) initiates all heartbeats within the heart. The diseases of SAN result in catastrophic consequences from bradycardia to cardiac arrest. The sinoatrial node (SAN) is characterized by the microenvironment of pacemaker cardiomyocytes (PCs) encased with fibroblasts. A complex interaction between PCs and their microenvironment (especially fibroblasts) critically determines SAN function.
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