1984, Ph.D. in Chemical Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
1979, B.S. in Chemistry, Royal Holloway College, London University
Monovalent Na(+) and K(+) ion channels, specialized pore-forming proteins that play crucial biological roles such as controlling cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle contraction, are characterized by a remarkable metal selectivity, conducting the native cation while rejecting its monovalent contender and other ions present in the cellular/extracellular milieu.